Journal of Soil, Plant and Environment is an open peer-reviewed journal that considers articles and reviews articles on all aspects of agricultural sciences. ISSN: 2957-9082 Frequency: Semiannual Access: Open Publication Charges: Click here Quick Submission: CLICK HERE TO SUBMIT
Role of Soil Fertility in Influencing Nutritional Quality of Indigenous Browse Species in Mixed Crop–Livestock Systems
Indigenous browse species represent an underutilized feed resource for livestock in tropical systems; however, their nutritional quality and its relationship with soil fertility remain poorly understood, particularly in the Caribbean region. In Guyana, limited information exists on how soil conditions influence the nutritional composition of locally available browse species, constraining their effective utilization in livestock feeding systems. This study evaluated the nutritional quality of eleven indigenous browse species and examined their relationship with soil properties in the Linden area of region 10, Guyana. Leaf samples were analyzed for proximate composition and mineral content, while soil physicochemical characteristics at collection sites were also assessed. Significant interspecific variation (p < 0.001) was observed for all proximate parameters and for sodium and zinc among mineral parameters, while calcium and potassium showed no significant differences among species (p > 0.05). Crude protein ranged from 186,400 mg/kg (18.64%) in Carica papaya to 281,200 mg/kg (28.12%) in Manihot esculenta, while crude fibre varied widely, with the highest values recorded in Pueraria montana. Principal component analysis explained 44.86% of total variance, with the first principal component (PC1) accounting for 26.12%, highlighting clear separation among species based on their nutritional traits. Soils were slightly acidic (pH 5–6) with variable organic matter and nutrient availability, and soil physicochemical properties particularly pH, organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity were found to influence the mineral composition of browse foliage across collection sites. Among the species evaluated, M. esculenta, Gliricidia sepium, and Ipomoea batatas exhibited the highest crude protein concentrations, while Colocasia esculenta recorded the highest mineral content, supporting their potential as supplementary feed resources for livestock. These findings highlight the importance of soil–plant interactions in determining the feed quality of indigenous browse species and support their strategic use as sustainable supplementary feed resources in tropical livestock production systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Endophytic Microbes Boost Drought Tolerance and Yield in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Drought represents a major constraint to sunflower yield in arid and semiarid regions, demanding innovative agronomic practices. The current study quantifies the contribution of endophytic microbiota to drought resilience in Helianthus annuus L. during a field experiment conducted in Dera Ismail Khan during the 2025 cropping season. Trials were sited on a farmer’s plot bordering Channel No. 6 of the Gomal Zam Dam command area, employing a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Seventeen physiological, biochemical and yield related metrics were systematically assessed, including plant stature, chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance, antioxidant enzyme activities and final yield components. Data demonstrated that inoculation with selected endophytic strains, with Endophyte B exhibiting the strongest effect, elicited statistically superior results across all measured traits relative to uninoculated controls. Enhanced catalase and peroxidase activities, diminished malondialdehyde accumulation, and elevated accumulation of osmotic regulators together attested to effective oxidative damage suppression. Yield parameters, including capitulum diameter and seed set per capitulum, responded positively and proportionately. Collectively, these observations endorse endophytic microbes as a viable, environmentally benign approach to bolster sunflower resilience against drought, aligning with the objectives of climate-smart agronomy.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Synergistic Effects of Rhizobium and Micronutrients (Molybdenum and Boron) on the Growth, Nodulation, and Yield of Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)
Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) is a vital pulse crop for food and nutritional security in the mid-hills of Nepal, but its productivity remains constrained by poor nutrient management and limited use of Rhizobium inoculants. In particular, deficiencies of essential micronutrients such as boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo), together with underutilization of beneficial Rhizobium, restrict nodulation, nitrogen fixation, and yield potential. To address this issue, a field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, Lamjung Campus, to assess the combined effects of Rhizobium inoculation and micronutrient supplementation on local blackgram. A split-plot design with three replications was used, where Rhizobium inoculation (inoculated vs. non-inoculated) formed the main plot factor, and seven nutrient treatments were assigned to subplots: control, 250 ppm B, 500 ppm B, 250 ppm Mo, 500 ppm Mo, 250 ppm B + 250 ppm Mo, and 500 ppm B + 500 ppm Mo. Results showed that Rhizobium inoculation significantly improved nodulation, biomass, and yield attributes compared with non-inoculated plots. The combined application of 500 ppm B and 500 ppm Mo with Rhizobium inoculation achieved the highest nodulation, biomass, and seed yield (120.73 g per 2.1 m2). These findings suggest that integrated nutrient management using Rhizobium inoculation with balanced B and Mo supplementation can substantially enhance blackgram productivity, reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers, and contribute to sustainable pulse-based farming systems in Nepal’s mid-hills.
The Role of Urban Trees in PM2.5 Mitigation: Air Quality Assessment and Absorption Capacity Comparison in Warsaw Alleys
Rapid urbanization is intensifying air pollution across cities worldwide, with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emerging as one of the most hazardous pollutants to public health. While urban trees are widely recognized for their role in air purification, particularly through pollutant absorption and filtration, most existing studies rely on predictive models such as i-Tree Eco and rarely incorporate direct field-based validation of PM2.5 exposure levels for urban residents. A critical gap remains in understanding the actual distribution of health-threatening PM2.5 concentrations and the localized effectiveness of urban vegetation in mitigating these pollutants. This study addresses this gap by assessing PM2.5 pollution levels and evaluating the particulate matter absorption capacity of urban trees in two street alleys with contrasting tree canopy cover (TCC) in Warsaw, Poland. The research was conducted in two phases: first, PM2.5 concentrations were monitored using dust sensors during peak and post-peak traffic periods; second, the i-Tree Eco model was employed to quantify pollutant uptake by trees at each site. The findings indicate that exceedances of the WHO PM2.5 air quality standard (15 μg/m³) occurred 1.5 times more frequently on streets with only 6% tree canopy cover (TCC), compared to streets with more than 30% TCC. Moreover, the site with optimal TCC, trees demonstrated over 14-fold greater effectiveness in PM2.5 removal. Furthermore, the model has been shown to be statistically significant, meaning that one of the predictors, TCC or DBH, has a significant impact on PM2.5 removal levels. These findings highlight the critical role of tree canopy density in enhancing urban air quality and suggest that sole reliance on modeled estimations without ground-level data may significantly underestimate residents’ exposure to PM2.5. By integrating in-situ pollution monitoring with ecosystem service modeling, this study provides a more accurate assessment of urban trees' capacity to mitigate air pollution. The findings underscore the need for data-driven urban greening policies and offer actionable insights for improving air quality in cities like Warsaw.
Effective Weed Control and Fiber Yield Improvement in Jute Through Seeding and Row Spacing Strategies
The production of jute fiber is seriously threatened by weeds, both in terms of quantity and quality, because they compete with it for vital resources, including sunlight, water, and nutrients. The present study was conducted at the Jute Agriculture Experimental Station (JAES) of the Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) in Manikganj during 2019 to assess the effects of various seed rates and line-to-line spacing on weed dynamics and fiber yield of BJRI Tossa jute variety O-9897. A two-factor factorial experiment was implemented using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Five seed rates (4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 kg ha-1) and four-line spacings (15, 20, 25, and 30 cm) were tested. SDR. The results revealed twelve weed species, with Cyperus rotundus exhibiting the highest summed dominance ratio (SDR) of 53.22%, followed by Digitaria sanguinalis (9.98%) and Echinochloa colonum (9.55%). Interaction effects of seed rate and line spacing significantly influenced weed density, with the highest densities recorded at the lowest seed rate (4 kg ha-1) and widest spacing (30 cm). Conversely, the lowest weed densities were observed at the highest seed rate (8 kg ha-1) and narrowest spacing (15 cm). Yield data collection included plant density, plant height, base diameter, and fiber and stick yields, which were later converted to metric tons per hectare. Economic analysis, based on labor costs and market prices, demonstrated the cost-effectiveness of treatments, while Principal Component Analysis (PCA) further elucidated weed management impacts. These findings contribute to optimizing jute cultivation practices by balancing weed suppression and maximizing fiber yield under various agronomic conditions.
Leaf Litter Decomposition and Associated Nutrient Release Dynamics Under Varying Temperature and Precipitation in a South Asian Tropical Forest
Litter decomposition plays a vital role in nutrient cycling and maintaining ecosystem functionality, particularly in forested landscapes. However, the decomposition dynamics of common tropical timber species remain underexplored in many regions, including Bangladesh. This study investigated the leaf litter decomposition and associated nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) release patterns of five widely planted timber species, Chukrasia tabularis, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Hopea odorata, Tectona grandis, and Swietenia macrophylla on the Chittagong University campus. Using the litter bag method, decomposition rates were measured across both dry and wet seasons to assess seasonal variability and environmental influences. The results revealed that Chukrasia tabularis exhibited the highest mass loss (33% in the dry season and 60% in the wet season), followed by Hopea odorata (38% and 55%), while Tectona grandis showed the lowest decomposition rates (23% and 25%). Decomposition was most rapid in Hopea odorata during the dry season (0.57 g/month) and Dipterocarpus turbinatus in the wet season (0.89 g/month). In the wet season, decomposition rates were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with temperature and precipitation across all species. In contrast, during the dry season, only Tectona grandis and Hopea odorata showed significant correlations with temperature, while only Chukrasia tabularis and Hopea odorata were significantly influenced by precipitation. Nutrient release patterns varied by species and nutrient type: nitrogen release was highest in Chukrasia tabularis (26.89 mg/g), phosphorus in Hopea odorata (16.53 mg/g), and potassium in Dipterocarpus turbinatus (53.53 mg/g), whereas Swietenia macrophylla consistently showed the lowest nutrient release rates. These findings highlight species-specific and seasonal variations in litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics, offering insights for forest management, species selection, and ecosystem nutrient budgeting in tropical forest plantations.
Synergistic Effects of Bacterium ZM12 and Vermicompost on Groundnut Yield, Quality, and Nutrient Uptake
Peanut cultivation in nutrient-poor soils often relies heavily on chemical fertilizers, leading to soil degradation, reduced productivity, and lower profitability for farmers. To address this issue, a sustainable alternative combining organic amendments and beneficial microbes was evaluated. The research objective is to assess the influences of vermicompost addition and inoculant with Bacterium strain ZM12 on the growth, yield, and quality of peanuts. Bacterium strain ZM12 was isolated on YMA medium and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Field research was conducted using a factorial design with two factors: (i) inoculation vs. non-inoculation with strain ZM12 and (ii) three rates of vermicompost (0, 5, and 10 t ha-1), resulting in six treatments with four replications. The combined application of 10 t ha-1 vermicompost and ZM12 inoculation significantly enhanced peanut protein content and growth performance. Peanut yield increased by 38.4% with 10 t ha-1 vermicompost compared to the control (0 t ha-1), and ZM12 inoculation alone improved yield by 12.9% compared to non-inoculated plots. These improvements were attributed not only to biological nitrogen fixation but also to the plant growth-promoting effects of strain ZM12. The study demonstrates an effective strategy for improving peanut productivity and soil fertility while reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers. However, future work should include the isolation and testing of additional beneficial microbial strains to further enhance the sustainability of this approach.
Interactive Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Harvest Age on the Nutritional Composition of Brachiaria ruziziensis
High-quality forage is vital for livestock productivity, but farmers in Nigeria often face challenges due to inconsistent fertilizer use and poor harvesting practices. This study evaluates the effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates and harvest age on the nutritive value of Brachiaria ruziziensis to enhance forage quality and support sustainable livestock nutrition. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used, testing three fertilizer rates (0, 120, and 240 kg N ha-1 as NPK 15:15:15) and two harvest ages (8 and 10 weeks after planting), resulting in six treatments. Proximate composition, fiber fractions, forage quality indices, mineral content, in vitro gas production, and post-incubation parameters were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. Both fertilizer rate and harvest age significantly (P < 0.05) influenced dry matter (DM), crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), and metabolizable energy (ME). Fiber components, including acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, and cellulose, were also affected. Forage quality indices such as organic matter (OM), carbohydrate content (CHO), dry matter digestibility (DMD), dry matter intake (DMI), relative feed value (RFV), cell content (CC), total digestible nutrients (TDN), and net energies for intake, gain, maintenance, and digestible energy showed significant improvements with increased fertilizer rates and earlier harvest. Mineral contents—sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)—varied significantly with treatments. In vitro gas production and post-incubation parameters also showed significant differences. The study concludes that applying NPK 15:15:15 at 120 kg N ha¹ and harvesting at 8 weeks after planting optimizes biomass yield and improves proximate, fiber, mineral content, and forage quality, making it a cost-effective and sustainable approach for pasture management in Nigeria.
Effect of Agar Industry Waste-Based Liquid Fertilizer on Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Red Lettuce
The processing of Gracilaria sp. seaweed in the agar industry generates solid waste, which can contribute to environmental pollution. However, this waste contains valuable nutrients such as organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which can be used to produce organic fertilizers for plant growth optimization. This study aims to determine characteristics and optimal proportion of agar industry waste for formulating liquid organic fertilizer. A quantitative experiment was conducted with four treatments, using 0%, 8%, 16%, and 24% agar waste, mixed with 8% eggshell powder, 5% molasses, water, and 4% Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a bioactivator. Fermentation was carried out using an anaerobic method for 14 days. The effect of the fertilizer on red lettuce growth was evaluated. The results from ANOVA and Tukey analysis showed that different proportions of agar waste resulted in varying outcomes. The highest proportion produced the best fertilizer, with 0.51% organic carbon, 0.22% nitrogen, 0.11% phosphorus, 0.19% potassium, and a pH of 6.81. The fertilizer also resulted in a 48% yield, it appeared dark brown with a slightly pungent fermentation odor. The fertilizer application produced the best growth rate, with red lettuce plants reaching a height of 14.03 cm, 9.67 leaves, a leaf width of 8.80 cm, a stem diameter of 6.90 mm, root length of 12.23 cm, and a wet weight of 14.67 grams. This study highlights the potential of using agar industry waste as a liquid organic fertilizer, supporting sustainable agriculture by promoting ecofriendly waste management and reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers.
Ethidium Bromide-Induced Genetic Variability and Drought Tolerance in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) Under Field Conditions
Drought stress significantly reduces cowpea yields in Africa, necessitating the development of drought-resilient genotypes. This study evaluated the genetic variability and drought tolerance of nine ethidium bromide (EtBr)-derived cowpea genotypes at the M7 generation under control and drought stress conditions. The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design and assessed morphological and yield traits alongside ten drought tolerance indices (DTIs). Significant effects of genotype and genotype × treatment interactions were observed for most traits, except peduncle length and 100-seed weight. Genotypes G1 and G2 demonstrated superior drought tolerance, reflected by high values for key DTIs such as Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Stress Tolerance Index (STI), and Drought Resistance Index (DRI), and consistently maintained higher yields under stress. In contrast, G5 and G7 showed poor performance under drought, with lower yields and DTI values. Broad-sense heritability was high for important traits, including plant height (84.41%) and seed yield per plant (60.08%), indicating strong genetic control. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation, particularly for seed yield per plant (GCV: 71.54%, PCV: 92.29%), suggest considerable potential for selection-based improvement. The heatmap analysis revealed that reproductive traits, particularly seed yield, number of pods, and peduncle length, are strongly associated with key DTIs, making them valuable targets for selection under drought stress. These findings underscore the effectiveness of EtBr-induced mutagenesis in generating genetic variability and enhancing drought resilience in cowpea. Future breeding programs should prioritize genotypes like G1 and G2, integrating key drought-related traits and indices to develop high-yielding, climate-resilient cowpea varieties suitable for drought-prone regions in sub-Saharan Africa.
Growth and Yield Performance of Two Contrasting Mung Bean Varieties Under Varying Plant Population Densities
Mung bean is a promising crop in Egypt, but the small seed size (≤ 4 g) of high-yielding varieties like Kawmy-1 limits its widespread adoption. Larger-seeded varieties with higher yield potential, such as VC1973 A (100-seeds > 4 g), are preferred by farmers. However, the impact of plant population densities on growth and yield of these contrasting varieties has not been well studied. This research was conducted during the 2023 and 2024 in summer seasons, aimed to evaluate the effects of varying plant population densities (75, 150, 225, and 300 thousand plants per fed, equivalent to 4200 m2) on the growth, yield, and physiological responses of two mung bean varieties, Kawmy-1 and VC1973 A, under biological stress. The results revealed that Kawmy-1 exhibited tolerance to high-density stress (300,000 plants per fed), maintaining favorable growth and yield, while VC1973 A showed superior vegetative growth across parameters such as dry matter accumulation, leaf area, and leaf weight ratio. In contrast, Kawmy-1 excelled in attributes like leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, relative growth rate, and net assimilation rate. Increased plant density significantly reduced several growth parameters, but some traits like leaf area index, leaf area ratio, and leaf weight ratio showed reversible trends. In terms of yield, Kawmy-1 outperformed VC1973 A in pod and seed yield plant－1, while VC1973 A achieved better plant height and 100-seed weight. Interestingly, higher plant densities enhanced protein content but decreased overall yield and carbohydrate levels. This study underscores the importance of optimizing plant population density to balance yield and quality in mung bean cultivation. Future research should explore the genetic potential of larger-seeded varieties like VC1973 A, as well as strategies to enhance their performance under varying agronomic conditions.
Growth Performance of Exotic and Indigenous Tree Species Across Site Conditions in a Subtropical Hill Ecosystem
Subtropical hill forests play vital roles in biodiversity, climate regulation, and soil stability. However, unsustainable land use and logging have caused soil degradation, threatening these ecosystems and hindering reforestation. Effective restoration requires selecting tree species suited to site conditions, but knowledge of native and exotic species performance across altitudinal gradients remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, this study aimed to evaluate the growth and survival of native and exotic tree species planted at three altitudinal zones (bottom hill: up to 25 m, middle hill: 25–45 m, and top hill: above 45 m mean sea level) within the Chittagong University campus hill ecosystem. Using systematic random sampling, 59 plots (20 m × 20 m) containing 886 trees representing 21 species were assessed for height, diameter at breast height (DBH), and survival at plantation ages ranging from 5 to 35 years. Species were categorized into short-rotation and medium-to-long rotation groups to analyze species-site interactions. Results demonstrated superior growth of Gmelina arborea at the top hill among short-rotation species, while native long-rotation species such as Dipterocarpus turbinatus and Elaeocarpus serratus showed maximum height and DBH at higher altitudes. Survival rates were significantly lower at the middle hill, correlating with frequent illegal felling, while top and bottom hills showed better species establishment. The findings highlight the critical importance of species-site matching and suggest that anthropogenic disturbances are a major constraint on reforestation success in subtropical hill forests. This study provides valuable empirical data to inform species selection and forest management strategies, ultimately supporting more sustainable afforestation efforts and ecosystem restoration in similar subtropical hill regions globally.
Evaluation of Different Exotic Onion Germplasm for Yield and Agronomic Traits
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important cash crop with significant economic potential for farmers in Pakistan. However, limited information is available regarding the performance of commercial onion genotypes under the agro-climatic conditions of district Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. To address this gap, an experiment was conducted during 2018–2019 to evaluate the performance of four onion genotypes and assess their suitability for cultivation in this region. The genotypes including Macarena, Capri F1, Red Queen, and Super King, were transplanted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results indicated non-significant differences among genotypes for most of the studied traits. However, some genotypes showed superior performance in specific parameters. Macarena produced the longest leaves (62.1 cm), while Red Queen had the shortest (53.8 cm). The highest leaf diameter (2.3 cm) and number of leaves per plant (10.0) were recorded in Capri F1. Macarena had the largest bulb diameter (7.52 cm), while Super King had the smallest (6.92 cm). Uniform bulb maturity (100%) was observed in Macarena and Capri F1, whereas Super King showed only 80% maturity. Macarena also produced the heaviest bulbs (239 g), in contrast to Super King (162 g). The number of axils per bulb ranged from 1.0 in Capri F1 to 2.0 in Macarena. Red Queen exhibited the highest pungency (3.7), while Macarena was the least pungent (2.0). Regarding post-harvest performance, Red Queen and Macarena showed the least reduction in bulb weight after 15 days of storage (8.7%), while Capri F1 and Super King had the highest reduction (12.0%). After 30 days, Super King had the lowest weight loss (2%), whereas Macarena recorded the highest (4%). In conclusion, the results suggest that Macarena and Capri F1 outperformed the other genotypes in key agronomic and post-harvest traits. These findings support the feasibility of onion cultivation in district Charsadda and highlight its potential as a profitable gap-filling crop for local farmers.
Assessment of Drought Tolerance in Rice Landraces via Seedling-Based Indices
Landraces serve as a vital reservoir of genetic diversity, offering allelic variation crucial for breeding resilient cultivars. However, with the increasing frequency and intensity of drought due to climate change, identifying drought-resilient rice varieties is crucial to ensure sustainable rice production. Although, Nepal hosts a vast diversity of rice landraces, yet their potential for drought stress tolerance remains underexplored. This study evaluated 25 rice landraces for drought tolerance at the seedling stage using a completely randomized design (CRD) in 250 ml disposable cups under three moisture regimes: 60% field capacity (FC), 100% FC, and saturated conditions. Ten quantitative traits were analyzed, and significant variation was observed among landraces and across moisture conditions. Correlation analysis suggested that, under 60% FC, root length showed a significant positive correlation with shoot length, root: shoot ratio, and fresh root weight, whereas a negative correlation was noted between root: shoot ratio and root number. Germination percentage remained unaffected by moisture conditions. Principal component analysis revealed a positive connection of root length and root-to-shoot ratio towards 60% FC, while shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight, and root number were associated with saturated conditions. Among the landraces, Manamurey demonstrated superior performance across studied traits. These findings highlight the potential of specific landraces for drought resilience and emphasize the need for further evaluations at vegetative and reproductive stages to confirm their utility in breeding programs.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Enhancing Growth, Yield, and Forage Quality of Two Teosinte Genotypes Through NPK Nano-Fertilizer Application
The overuse of synthetic fertilizers in agriculture has led to adverse effects on soil health, groundwater contamination, and the overall environmental sustainability of farming systems. Consequently, there is an urgent need for more innovative and environmentally friendly fertilizer approaches that can enhance agricultural productivity without compromising soil quality. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the impact of different fertilizer compositions, including conventional chemical fertilizers and nano nitrogen-phosphorous-potassium (NPK) fertilizers, on the growth, yield, and forage quality of two teosinte genotypes (G3 and G4) to identify more sustainable alternatives that could improve agricultural outcomes while minimizing environmental harm. A split-plot design field investigation with the main plots representing the teosinte genotypes and the sub-plots comprising five fertilizer formulations was conducted over two growing seasons (2021 and 2022) to investigate their effects on vegetative growth, yield attributes, and forage quality of two teosinte genotypes. The two teosinte genotypes were subjected to various fertilizer treatments (100% chemical fertilizers (CF) (F1), 75% CF + 25% nano NPK (F2), 50% CF + 50% nano NPK (F3), 25% CF + 75% nano NPK (F4), and 100% nano NPK (F5). Results indicated that G4 exhibited superior growth and nutritional composition compared to G3. Furthermore, F3 treatment resulted in enhancing shoot height, stem diameter, and dry matter accumulation. Additionally, F3 treatment improved fiber digestibility, but F1 treatment yielded the highest crude protein (CP). These findings suggest that integrating nano-fertilizers with traditional fertilizers, as exemplified by the F3 mixture, holds potential for optimizing teosinte growth and forage quality. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of the research exploration of balanced fertilizer mixtures to enhance forage yield and quality in teosinte cultivation, advocating for a strategic integration of nano NPK and bulk chemical fertilizers for sustainable agricultural practices.
Effect of Different Sowing Media on Seed Germination and Seedling Performance of Ficus auriculata L. and F. hispida L.
In Bangladesh, the declining populations of Ficus auriculata L and Ficus hispida L, vital for maintaining ecosystem balance and supporting wildlife, are threatened by low germination rates and poor seedling establishment, highlighting the need for effective propagation strategies to ensure their conservation and sustainability. This experiment investigated the germination and seedling development of Ficus auriculata L and Ficus hispida L, species crucial for biodiversity and environmental stability in Bangladesh. Effective conservation and propagation require high germination rates and vigorous seedlings. This study examined the impact of different sowing media on germination and seedling growth for these two important species. The trial, conducted over two years (2019–2022), employed a completely randomized design with eight treatments, including a control and various mixtures of soil, cow dung, and sand. Seeds were obtained from the University of Chittagong and monitored daily for germination rates and growth parameters. The results showed that the different media significantly affected germination percentages. The control treatment achieved the highest germination rate for F. auriculata (63.66%) and showed good performance in other growth parameters. For F. hispida, Treatment 01 recorded the highest germination rate at 81.33%. Seedling growth was assessed by measuring shoot and root lengths, revealing significant differences among treatments. Shoot length and collar diameter were notably improved in F. auriculata under the control treatment, reaching 121.5 mm, compared to lower values in other treatments. The findings indicate that Treatment 7 (Sand: Soil: Dung in a 1:2:1 ratio) provided the most favorable conditions for seedling growth, promoting robust development and higher survival rates. These results highlight the importance of selecting appropriate growing conditions to enhance germination and survival rates, contributing to biodiversity conservation amid challenges like climate change and habitat degradation. Further research is recommended to explore the therapeutic and ecological benefits of these lesser-known Ficus species.
Analysis of Genetic Diversity, Correlation, and Phenotypic Path Coefficients in Hybrids of Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) Cultivated for High Fibre Yield
Kenaf is an economically important fiber crop globally for multipurpose industrial uses such as paper making, interior car components and building boards. Correlation and path coefficient analysis help breeders create breeding procedures that maximize yield through selection by assisting in the understanding of trait interactions. To develop selection criteria for high fibre yield, this research examined the direct and indirect effects of yield and yield-related traits among 36 kenaf hybrids. The pooled analysis of variance over two seasons showed highly significant differences among genotypes and genotype-by-season interaction for all traits except for stem top diameter and plant height. The fibre weight substantially correlated with seven traits at both the phenotypic and genotypic levels. Hence, selection based on these traits will effectively increase kenaf fibre yield. The path coefficient analysis revealed the maximum contribution of core diameter to fibre yield followed by fresh stem weight without leaves and pod. The first five principal component analyses (PCA) accounted for 91.8% variation between genotypes based on a correlation matrix of all the quantitative traits. For the development of kenaf varieties with acceptable yield, effective selection can be based on stem base diameter, stem middle diameter, core diameter, nodes number, stick weight, fresh stem weight with leaves and pod, and fresh stem weight without leaves and pod.
Designing of Smart Gene Resources and Computational Approaches For Sustainable Environment; Opportunities and Future Challenges
Gene revolution is very successful to meet the food challenges resulting from climate change and global warming. Genomic and gene database is ever growing owing to advancement and development of modern biotechnological techniques and machinery. During 1970, 80s, gene isolation was utilized to develop gene resources from original biological systems which was inherently-embraced with challenges of unoptimized protein coding DNA sequences as well as unpredicted expression pattern and levels. Originally, DNA sequences are prone to low and unstable expression in target organisms. So, codon optimization process changed the scenario all the way and most of the problems associated with unmodified sequence has been addressed. At present plethora of softwares are available that fairly process the DNA sequence to make it highly expressible and stable in heterologous systems. Different softwares are being used effectively for synthetic gene design such as, EuGene, COOL, D-Tailor, Costar. Bioinformatic tools have two main functions to data gathering and optimization of gene sequence. DNA sequences is retrieved and processed for Codon adaptation index, GC content, relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU), Protein structure, orthologs, codon pair bias (CPB) and kozak sequences. Codon optimization holds a great potential to develop gene resources which are host friendly and stable for desired traits. In future, gene resources and crop improvement will go side by side for precise and accurate crop improvement and in solving the plant improvement issues previously unaddressed.
Effect of Growth Regulators and Nano Materials to Cope with Salinity on Anatomical Characteristics of Pea Plant
Abiotic stresses, particularly salinity, severely hinder crop productivity by disrupting physiological processes and reducing yields. Pea (Pisum sativum L.), a vital crop, is highly sensitive to salinity, making it crucial to explore strategies that enhance its tolerance to such stresses. This study investigates the effects of Ascorbic Acid (AsA), 5-Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA), and Nano-Selenium (N-Se) on the anatomical characteristics of pea plants subjected to severe salinity stress (120 mM NaCl). Transverse sections of the fourth internode and leaf blade were analyzed, focusing on stem and leaf structure. The results showed that foliar application of AsA (100 ppm) significantly improved anatomical traits, such as stem diameter, cortex thickness, and vascular bundle dimensions, compared to the control and other treatments. ALA (50 ppm) also improved anatomical features, albeit to a lesser extent, while N-Se (20 ppm) exhibited the lowest enhancement. Leaf tissue analysis revealed that AsA improved leaflet structure, increasing epidermis thickness and vascular bundle dimensions under salinity stress. The application of AsA, ALA, and N-Se mitigated the negative effects of salinity, likely due to their roles in enhancing stress tolerance, reducing oxidative damage, and improving nutrient uptake. This study highlights the potential of these bio-stimulants to improve the anatomical resilience of pea plants under salinity stress, contributing to better crop performance in saline environments.
Impact of Vermicompost Formulations on Black Carrot Yield, Quality, and Soil Fertility
Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and declining soil fertility pose significant challenges to sustainable agriculture, often leading to degraded soil health and reduced crop quality. This experiment aimed to evaluate alternative fertilization strategies to optimize black carrot yield and quality while improving soil fertility. Organic residues, including paddy straw and deciduous tree leaves, were combined with cow dung and biogas slurry in a 1:1 ratio to prepare vermicompost treatments, which were tested along with integrated nutrient management and chemical fertilizer treatments. Over two years, the data revealed that integrated nutrient management, involving 50% recommended dose of chemical fertilizers and 50% deciduous tree leaves vermicompost, resulted in the highest yield and yield attributes of black carrot, while the control treatment produced the lowest productivity. The integrated nutrient management also showed greater improvements in soil properties, including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and micronutrients, especially in the later years of the study. This is likely due to the initially low organic carbon and nutrient content of the experimental soil, with organic amendments typically taking three to four years to elicit a positive response. Overall, the study demonstrates that integrated nutrient management is more effective in enhancing both carrot yield and soil fertility, providing a sustainable approach to improving crop production and long-term soil health.
Enhancing Root Development: The Impact of Indole-3-Butyric Acid on Nodal Leaf and Tip Cuttings of Dendrocalamus longispathus and Bambusa tulda
This study examines the effects of two propagation techniques—nodal leaf cuttings and tip cuttings—on root development in two bamboo species, Dendrocalamus longispathus and Bambusa tulda. The experiment aimed to determine the most effective propagation method for enhancing root growth, addressing the challenge of optimizing bamboo cultivation for both conservation and commercial purposes. The experiment was conducted using a non-mist propagator system, under controlled humidity and temperature, to observe differences in root number and length after four weeks. Our results indicate significant differences between the two cutting methods across both species, with D. longispathus generally demonstrating more substantial root growth compared to B. tulda in both metrics. Specifically, for D. longispathus, nodal leaf cuttings showed a consistently higher mean root length, whereas for B. tulda, tip cuttings eventually resulted in slightly longer roots, highlighting a species-specific response to the propagation methods. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences (p<0.05) in root growth dynamics between treatments, underscoring the importance of choosing appropriate propagation techniques based on species-specific responses. This research contributes to the understanding of bamboo propagation strategies and suggests further exploration into species-specific cultivation methods to enhance growth and conservation efforts.
The Problem of Charcoal Rot in Soybean, its Implications, and Approaches for Developing Resistant Varieties
Soybean is an annual legume with edible seeds. The soybean’s charcoal rot is one of the serious challenges faced in its cultivation regions, which brings severe production and economic losses. charcoal rot is the result of infection by the soil-borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. Though several researchers have made efforts to deal with soybean’s charcoal rot challenge, but at present, there are no soybean varieties in the market that are resistant to charcoal rot. The pathogen is thought to infect plants in their roots from contaminated soil, using unknown toxin-mediated processes. Conventional integrated approaches for managing charcoal rot in soybeans have been implemented in the field, but their efficacy is limited. So, developing soybean durable resistant varieties against M.phaseolina is the only solution to rescuing this crop. The potential approach is identifying new genetic sources and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with resistance to charcoal rot in the resistant soybean population and conducting genome-wide association studies to increase understanding of underlying resistance mechanisms. The discovery of the genetic markers associated with resistance will contribute to charcoal rot resistance genotype selection for breeding programs in the future.
Synergistic Effects of Rice Straw Return and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities and Soil Fertility
Returning straw to the field combined with nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is an effective way to enhance soil fertility. While previous studies have focused on soil's physical and chemical properties, the impact of straw returning on the microbial community has been less explored. In this study, we used four treatments including control (CK), nitrogen 150 kg ha−1 (N), straw return 10 tonnes ha−1 (SR), and combined SR and N (SRN= straw return 5 tonnes ha−1 + nitrogen 75 kg ha−1) to understand the effects of N fertilizer application and straw returning on bacterial community structure. Using high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed the bacterial community under different treatments and identified the main factors influencing soil bacterial communities. Results showed that soil properties such as pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and available phosphorous (AP) were significantly higher in SR+N treatments. While AP, available nitrogen (AN), available potassium (AK), and total nitrogen (TN) were higher in sole N applied treatments. The results of high-throughput sequencing analyses demonstrated that the main bacteria at the phylum level were Actinobacteria (31-34%), Proteobacteria (25-30%), Acidobacteria (15-21%), and Chloroflexi (13-16%) across the treatments. Furthermore, the SR+N treatment exhibited the highest relative abundances of Dependentiae, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidetes compared to all other treatments. Our results indicated that the combined application of straw return and N fertilizer enhanced soil fertility and increased the abundance of beneficial soil bacteria. Additionally, SOC emerged as the primary factor influencing variations in soil bacterial communities. However, several beneficial bacteria were less abundant in the combined treatment and more prevalent in the sole SR or sole N treatments. Thus, further research is necessary to develop new straw return strategies that optimize agricultural yields while minimizing ecological impacts.
Tree Species Germination: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis and its Implications for Pre-Sowing Treatment in Bangladesh
In Bangladesh, pre-sowing treatments significantly impact forestry species, employing water, temperature, and chemical methods to enhance seed germination. This meta-analysis, encompassing 17 research articles, emphasizes the prevalence of these treatments, with 11 studies dedicated to pre-sowing techniques and 6 as a comparison group without treatment. Findings reveal substantial heterogeneity attributed to low replications and ecological factors highlighted in articles. To address this, we recommend a balanced number of replications, considering ecological factors, to enhance research reliability in forest restoration and seed germination. Factors affecting seed germination, such as pressure, temperature, sunlight, and water stress, unfold in five stages: imbibition, respiration, light effect, mobilization of reserves, and embryo development. The seed coat layer impedes germination, and various pre-sowing treatments in Bangladesh, including mechanical, water soaking, heat, and chemical treatments, mitigate this hindrance. While this meta-analysis sheds light on ecological factors and seed performance, its limited scale underscores the need for broader studies assessing treatment effects using standardized measures.
Correlation Between Coarse Wood Debris and Soil Different Chemical Properties of Three Forest Types in Northeast China
Coarse wood debris (CWD) is a critical component of the nitrogen and carbon pools in forest ecosystems. While CWD decomposition rates have been studied extensively across various ecosystems, the effects of CWD on soil properties and their interrelations remain unclear. This study aimed to measure the response of CWD to soil and their interrelations among three forest types: Picea koraiensis-Abies nephrolepis-Pinus koraiensis forest (PAPF), Betula costata-Pinus koraiensis forest (BPF), and Tilia amurensis-Pinus koraiensis forest (TPF). The results indicated that CWD carbon was positively correlated with soil pH (R²=0.36). CWD nitrogen was positively correlated with urease activity, while negatively correlated with dehydrogenase activity. There was a consistent correlation between overall CWD and soil nutrient concentrations among the three forest types, although the pattern of these correlations varied among PAPF, BPF, and TPF. This highlights the need to explore attribute interrelations across different ecological gradients. Overall, CWD phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) were positively correlated with soil pH, while aluminum (Al) was negatively correlated. CWD nitrogen (N) was positively correlated with urease enzyme activity, whereas CWD carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) were negatively correlated with invertase and dehydrogenase enzymes, respectively. CWD sulfur (S) was positively correlated with soil sulfur, while CWD carbon (C), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) were negatively correlated with their respective soil counterparts. This study demonstrates that variations in soil nutrient concentrations and enzymatic activity are significantly influenced by decomposition levels.
Role of Nutrient Management in Yield, Quality and Nutrient Content of Egyptian Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Under Calcareous Soil Conditions
Nutrient management is vital for maximizing forage crop yield and economic viability; however, improper application can result in decreased yield and quality. Therefore, two seasonal experiments were conducted during the winter seasons of 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 to examine the impact of varying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) levels, along with the foliar application of zinc, on the forage yield and nutrient content of Egyptian clover or berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) grown in calcareous soil conditions (>36% CaCO3). The experiment consisted of eight treatments, including two NPK levels (50% and 100% of the recommended dose) and two forms of Zn (Zn NPs and Zn Edta at 0.2 and 0.5% as foliar sprays), compared with the control (without treatment). Results showed that NPK full dose (100%) or in combination with Zn NPs significantly improved fresh and dry weight by an average of 67%, and 80%, respectively, across all cuts. Whereas, the highest protein percentage in berseem forage occurred with 50% NPK and foliar Zn NPs. Protein yield per unit area was highest with 100% NPK and foliar Zn NPs in the second and third cuts. Furthermore, Zn NPs boosted manganese (Mn) levels in the 2nd cut but decreased them in the 3rd cut. Iron (Fe) and Mn were mostly in normal ranges, but zinc was often below normal levels. Overall, Zn NPs increased forage yields. The results of translocation factor (TF) for micronutrients from the soil to berseem plants showed that TF values were > 1 for all micronutrients except for Cu in several instances in the 2nd cut in such calcareous soil. Furthermore, micronutrient translocations were arranged in the following order Cu < Zn <Mn <Fe in the 2nd and 3rd cuts. Our study suggested that there is a beneficial role of correcting Zn deficiency under calcareous soil conditions which is reflected on berseem yield and quality and nutrient status. Thus, using ZnO NPs along with the full recommended dose of NPK is a suitable approach to enhance berseem crop yield and quality in calcareous soil.
Microplastics and Invasive Alien Plants: A Change in Soil Ecology Deliberately Impacts the Aboveground Productivity of the Crops
Plastic is considered an emerging agroecological pollutant while biological invasion has also become a global environmental issue. Therefore, the contamination of microplastics and the occurrence of Solidago canadensis L. invasion in the agroecosystem may be a severe hazard to soil and plant functioning, reducing yield and perhaps indirectly harming human health. Microplastic contamination adversely affects the soil ecosystems in terms of soil carbon pools and their turnover. Invasive plants compete with agronomic crops, have allelopathic effects by secreting allelochemicals, and have detrimental effects on the productivity of the crops. However, their interaction had significant negative effects on the soil as well as the crop's physiological and biochemical properties. Thus, the interactive response created a big gap in how they raise concerns about crop potential yield and entering into the food web that ultimately affects human health.
Phosphorus Priming and Nitrogen Application Enhance Corn Yield and Nitrogen Availability in Alkaline Calcareous Soils
Corn is a crucial crop for local communities and the global food system. Various amendments are used to increase corn yield in semi-arid climates, but the response to fertilization and seed priming at different moisture regimes is not well documented. An experiment was conducted at the University of Agriculture's research farm in Peshawar, Pakistan 2014, involving three variables: moisture regimes (low and high), seed priming (dry seed, water-soaked seed, and seed primed with 0.2 percent phosphoric acid solution), and nitrogen levels (0, 75, 150 kg ha-1). The study found that seed priming and nitrogen levels significantly impacted plant height, leaf area, number of leaves per plant, grain cobs, 1000-grain weight, biological yield, stover yield, grain yield, and harvest index. The number of leaves in the normal irrigation area was lower than in a standardly irrigated field due to low irrigation. A higher moisture regime produced more leaves, more nitrogen uptake, and a maximum thousand-grain weight. A higher nitrogen level resulted in increased plant height, more leaves, grains cobs-1, thousand-grain weight, nitrogen uptake, harvest index, maximum grain yield, biological yield, and stover yields. Priming seeds with P-primed seeds increased plant height, leaf area, grain weight, nitrogen uptake, harvest index, biological yield, grain yield, and stover yield at 150 N kg ha-1. The minimum values of all parameters were noted for control plots. Based on the good crop yield in the Peshawar region, farmers are encouraged to use both high and low moisture regimes. The use of nitrogen at 150 kg ha-1 in combination with 0.2% P priming results in maximum corn yield and adequate nitrogen uptake when seedbeds moisture is high.
Residual Effect of Biochar and Legumes on Soil Fertility, Yield and Yield Components of Wheat
Biochar and the use of legumes in cropping systems are considered sustainable approaches to boost crop yield and preserve soil fertility. In the current study, the effects of leftover biochar and previously planted legumes on wheat yield and soil N status were examined at various nitrogen (N) levels. The experiment included testing two levels of previously applied biochar (0 and 50 tons ha-1), three legumes under four levels of N (0, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha-1), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) for fodder, Sesbenia (Sesbenia grandaflora) for green manuring, and mung bean (Vigna radiata) for grain. Results showed that biochar application enhanced wheat tiller m-2, spikes m-2, grains per spike, thousand grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, and soil total N status by 3%, 6.5%, 3.7%, 1.8%, 7.8%, 9.5%, and 11%, respectively. Moreover, applying nitrogen at a rate of 90 kg ha-1 increased the amount of wheat spike m-2 by 20%, grain spike-1 by 10%, grain yield by 70%, biological yield by 48%, harvest index by 27%, and the N content of the grain, straw, and soil by 13%, 14%, and 36% respectively. Meanwhile, 1000 grain weight resulted higher by 6.17%. Legumes that had been previously seeded outperformed fallow and increased spikes m-2, grain yield, biological yield, grain N content, and soil total N content by 8.2%, 11%, 6.78%, 25%, and 42%, respectively. It is determined that applying biochar to the summer gap left by legumes can increase soil fertility and wheat output.
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Enhancing Soil Fertility of Apple Orchard through Biochar and Fertilizer Amendments: A Soil Aggregation Study
The declining productivity of apple trees can be attributed to the adverse effects of unbalanced climatic conditions and dynamic soil properties. Addressing these challenges through sustainable agricultural practices is crucial to improving apple orchard productivity and ensuring a resilient agricultural system. To enhance the function of fragile ecosystem services, the addition of biochar at an appropriate rate along with chemical fertilizers (NPK) is considered an efficient approach for improving apple trees productivity. The treatments combinations were 0 t ha-1 (Ck), 4 t ha-1 (T1), 8 t ha-1 (T2), 12 t ha-1 (T3), 16 t ha-1 (T4), and 20 t ha-1 (T5). Our results demonstrated that, biochar addition rate in the T5 significantly increased macro-aggregates (WSAs > 0.25 mm), mean weight diameter (MWD) and therefore decreased micro-aggregates (WSAs < 0.25 mm) compare to the control. Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (T.N) in both the bulk soil and water stable aggregates (WSAs) showed similar and an increased trend with biochar addition rate. However, the trend of C:N ratio was in opposition with biochar addition rate for both the bulk soil and WSAs. Additionally, biochar addition rate (T5) significantly intensified partitioning proportion (%) of the SOC, and T.N in WSAs > 0.25 mm, and WSAs < 0.25 mm and therefore showed non significance differences for the others treatments. Such a partitioning proportion of the WSAs 0.5-0.25 mm were lower than the WSAs > 0.5 mm and WSAs < 0.25 mm. These results suggested that biochar addition rate (T5) with chemical fertilizer had a significant effect on the stability of aggregates associated SOC, T.N, and C:N ratio and it may also have a capability in optimizing partitioning proportion (%) of the SOC and T.N in WSAs > 0.25 mm. Thus, it is therefore suggested that biochar addition rate (T5) with chemical fertilizers is the best preference for the stability and optimization of the aggregate associated SOC and T.N which may enhance partitioning proportion (%) of the SOC and T.N in an apple growing soil.
Impact of Long-Term Organic Manure Application on Yield, Zinc, and Copper Uptake in Maize, Peas, and Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) Cropping System
To evaluate the impact of the long-term application of organic manures on yield, uptake of zinc and copper in maize, peas and summer mungbean cropping systems, a field study was conducted at the integrated farming system of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The treatment combinations were; T1: 50% N through recommended NPK + 50% N was substituted through FYM, T2: 100% N through FYM, T3: T2 + intercropping (marigold in pea, cowpea in maize), T4: T2 + agronomic practices for weed and. pest control, T5: 50% N as FYM + rock phosphate to substitute the P requirement of crops + phosphate solubilizing bacterial. cultures (PSB), T6: T2 + biofertilizer (consortium) containing N and P carriers and T7: 100% Recommended NPK through chemical fertilizers. Significant increases in the yield, micronutrient content and uptake were recorded due to the application of 50% nitrogen through farmyard manure (FYM) and 50% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (T1) followed by 100% N through FYM + biofertilizer containing. N and P, carriers (T6). The highest grain yield of maize (5.72 t ha-1), pea (16.2 t ha-1) and summer mungbean (11.6 t ha-1) were recorded in treatment T1, surpassing the 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (T7) by 13.7%, 20% and 10.4 %, respectively. The concentration of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the grains of maize, pea and summer mung bean was 38.3%, 14.1%, 29.6% and 53.4%, 22.8 % and 19.8% higher in treatment T1 as compared to treatment T7. Moreover, the concentration of copper and zinc in the grains of maize, pea and summer mung bean was 32.1%, 24.2% and 29.5 % and 21.7%, 17.6% and 11.6% higher in treatment T1, respectively, compared to treatment T7. Similarly, the increase in the uptake of Cu and Zn was observed in both grain and straw of maize, pea and summer mung bean. The study concluded that the integrated nutrient management (INM) treatment is to substitute a portion of chemical fertilizers with a more sustainable and environmentally safe organic compost in order to mitigate soil degradation, improve crop production, and protect the environment.
Sources, Persistence, Ecotoxicology and Transformations of Anticancer Pharmaceutical Drug Residues in the Soil Environment: A Review
Release and environmental consequences of drug residues pose a major challenge for soil quality management. This review aims to synthesis the literature related to the transformations of anticancer drugs at the soil-water interphase and their ecological effects. Pharmaceutical drugs, including anticancer drugs originate form point and non-point sources of human and animal background. While detrimental effects of anticancer drug residues on human health are widely reported, a relatively little body of knowledge focuses on their persistence, decomposition and interaction with soil biological health and quality. Assessment of the potential ecotoxicological effect of the residues of anti-cancer drugs is far less frequent compared to other xenobiotics. However, a substantial concern is growing to understand the fate of these drug residues in the environment, particularly, under high environmental risk scenarios. Sewage sludge and hospital wastewaters are the primary sources of anticancer drug residues into the soil and their effects and transformations in soil depend on nature and persistence of drug residues. Depending upon their structure, anticancer drug residues can undergo biodegradation and biochemical transformations to form highly mobile molecules, which move into surface and ground waters, ultimately end up in the soil to alter microbial communities and their functions associated with flow of energy, nutrient cycling and ecosystem functions. This manuscript reviews the behavior of anticancer pharmaceutical residue in the soil environment in terms of effects on soil functions and quality by summarizing the limited available data.
Pigeon Pea Green Manuring and Nitrogen Fertilization Increase Agronomic Efficiency by Improving Yield and Ear Characteristics of Maize
Green legume incorporation is an encouraging, at least unfinished, substitute for chemical fertilizers, particularly for nitrogen (N). The experiment was conducted in an RCB design with a split plot arrangement replicated four times. Pigeon pea green manuring (GM) of 3.4, 6.3 and 7.3 t ha-1 at pre flowering (GM1), at flowering (GM2) and post flowering (GM3) were assigned to the main plots, respectively, and nitrogen levels (N) (0, 70, 100 and 130 kg N ha-1) were allotted to the subplots. Results showed that GM2 significantly improved plant height (183 cm) and leaf area (393.6 cm2). Whereas, GM1 significantly enhanced biological yield (9826 kg ha-1), grain yield (3500 kg ha-1), thousand grain weight (203.6 g), grain ear-1(319), ear length (18 cm) and ear diameter (11.4 cm) as compared to GM2. Similarly, nitrogen application at the rate of 130 kg ha-1 resulted in taller plants, higher leaf area, thousand grain weight, biological and grain yields, harvest index, grains ear-1, ear height, length, weight and diameter than other N levels. The agronomic efficiency (AE) was significantly increased by 13.8 kg kg-1 and 11.8 kg kg-1 at GM1 and 70 kg N ha-1, respectively. It was concluded from the outcomes of the study that pigeon pea GM at pre flowering stage and 130 kg N ha-1 improved maize crop production.
Exploring Soil Spatial Variability with GIS, Remote Sensing, and Geostatistical Approach
This article provides a thorough overview of a wide range of advanced statistical methods that have found extensive and resilient applications in the intricate field of spatial modeling for variables in a geographical information system (GIS) platform. The noteworthy triumph of these approaches can be due to a convergence of speed, dependability, precision, and an inherent eco-consciousness that coexist to reshape the scenario of environmental data analysis. The utilization of these models has outshined conventional methods in the present terrain of scientific investigation and environmental analysis, becoming an authentication of innovative research and decision-making procedures. These approaches demonstrate commendable data utilization efficiency by effectively accepting reduced sample sizes. This not only saves resources but also aligns with the ethical imperative of minimizing environmental effects wherever possible. Furthermore, the combination of these statistical techniques with GIS has paved the way that greatly expands their utility. This tool helps to discover deep spatial linkages, extrapolate trends, and findings into actionable insights that are relatable across all disciplines. These approaches encompass not only predictive modeling but also the realms of error assessment and efficiency evaluation. In conclusion, the adoption of these statistical methods is quite useful in facilitating sound decision-making environmental studies. Some of the domains include soil properties, air quality parameters, vegetation distribution, land cover and land use, water quality parameters, temperature and climate variables, natural hazards, urban infrastructure planning, ecological habitats, noise pollution levels, and radiation and exposure assessment. As the trajectory of scientific growth unfolds, these techniques will serve in directing researchers, practitioners, and policymakers to a future where empirical accuracy and environmental consciousness meet synergistically.
Identification of Heat Stress Tolerant Wheat Genotype Using Stress Tolerance Indices
This experiment was conducted to identify heat stress tolerant wheat genotypes using stress tolerance indices. A total of twenty wheat genotypes, provided by the National Wheat Research Program (NWRP) in Bhairahawa, were evaluated in both irrigated and heat stress environments. These genotypes comprised three Bhairahawa Lines (BL), fifteen Nepal Lines (NL), and two commercial checks—Bhrikuti and Gautam. The research was conducted at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS) in Paklihawa, using alpha lattice design. Results showed that the mean grain yield of wheat was reduced by 24.82% under heat stress conditions as compared to irrigated conditions. Notably, mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI), and yield index (YI) exhibited strong and highly significant positive correlations with yield under both irrigated and heat stress conditions. In contrast, tolerance index (TOL) and stress susceptibility index (SSI) displayed negative correlations under heat stress conditions. Genotype NL 1384 exhibited the highest MP, GMP, and STI, closely followed by NL 1417, establishing them as the most stable and productive genotypes. These findings suggest that these genotypes have the potential to be selected for high yields under both irrigated and heat stress conditions. The biplot analysis showed a positive correlation of MP, STI, GMP, YI, and yield stability index (YSI) with yield in the irrigated environment (Ys) and yield in the heat stress environment (Yp), and a negative correlation of stress susceptibility index (SSI), TOL, and reduction (Red). Hence, these indices could potentially be used for the evaluation of wheat genotypes under both irrigated and heat stress conditions.
Effect of Olive Mill Wastes on Soil Physicochemical Properties and Maize Yield Under Saline Soil Conditions
The addition of olive mill wastes (OMW) to agricultural soils has becoming a common disposal strategy to improve the soil’s physical and chemical properties. There is a dearth of information concerning the impact of OMW on soil properties in Egypt's saline soil conditions. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various types of OMW on soil properties and maize yield in saline soil conditions. This study conducted field experiments in the North Sinai Governorate of Egypt on salt-affected sandy clay loam soil. Different types of OMW were applied at rates of 5 and 10 tons per hectare, either in fresh or compost form, individually or in combination with effective microorganisms (EM-1). The results revealed that the compost from EM-Bokashi and OMW treatment (T7) at a rate of 10 tons per hectare significantly decreased pH, EC, and ESP values. For instance, application of T7 significantly decreased EC by 30.6 and 34.8% compared to the fresh OMW treatment (T3) at a rate of 10 tons per hectare in the soil depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm, respectively. Moreover, the T7 treatment significantly decreased soil bulk density by 18.7 and 20% compared to the control treatment (T1) in the soil depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm, respectively. However, the differences between T7 and other treatments were not significant. Furthermore, the application of T7 significantly increased maize yield by 38.5% compared to T1. Overall, the best treatment for reducing salinity and bulk density as well as enhancing soil fertility and maize yields was the application of T7 at a rate of 10 tons per hectare. Therefore, it is desirable to encourage farmers to use the compost of EM-Bokashi and OMW at the rate of 10 tons per hectare as soil amendment in order to enhance soil physicochemical properties and fertility status and to obtain high yields under saline conditions. This practice allows farmers to produce high yields even in saline conditions by improving soil physicochemical properties and fertility status.
Integrated Effect of Heavy Metal-Tolerant Rhizobacteria and Phosphorus on Maize Growth and Phosphorus Bioavailability in Contaminated Soil
Toxic metals significantly influence agricultural crop yields and adversely affect animals and humans. Hence, in the current study impact of different strains of phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and levels of phosphorus on the solubility of phosphorus and the stabilization of heavy metals in contaminated soil were studied in a greenhouse pot experiment in 2022. The PSB strains included Bacillus CUM6, Bacillus DUM7, and Bacillus PIS7. Phosphorus was applied at rates of 40, 60, and 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 using single superphosphate, with a basal dose of 120 kg N and 60 kg K2O ha-1. The experiment followed a randomized, two-factorial design. Maize plants (variety "Azam") were inoculated with the PSB strains. Consequently, combining Bacillus PIS7 with 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 significantly increased both fresh and dry maize biomass (35.33 and 24.56 g pot-1) compared to the control (unspiked soil). Phosphorus bioavailability (7.07 and 5.14 mg kg-1) significantly improved with 80 kg ha-1 phosphorus and Bacillus PIS7. Heavy metal concentrations in soil (Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni) decreased significantly at 80 kg ha-1 phosphorus and Bacillus PIS7, and Cd concentrations in plants decreased to 3.31 mg kg-1 with Bacillus DUM7 and to 2.96, 0.42, and 1.33 mg kg-1 with Bacillus PIS7. The application of PSB strains and phosphorus fertilizer reduced heavy metal concentrations. Notably, 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 with Bacillus PIS7 showed the best performance. Phosphorus uptake increased significantly (0.106 mg pot-1), while heavy metal uptake (Cd, Pb, and Cr) decreased linearly with increasing phosphorus levels and PSB strains. Bacillus PIS7 with 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 had the lowest heavy metal translocation, doing better than the control and other PSB strains (Bacillus CUM6 and Bacillus DUM7). Soil characteristics indicated increased organic matter content (0.73%) and decreased pH (7.61) and electrical conductivity (0.17 dSm-1) with applied phosphorus and PSB strains, suggesting enhanced phosphorus bioavailability and reduced heavy metal concentrations. In conclusion, adding 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 with Bacillus PIS7 helps plants grow better when they are stressed by heavy metals and keeps Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni stabilized in the soil.
Elucidating Genetic Variability of Brassica napus L. Progenitors and Their Crosses for Enhanced Qualitative Traits
Evaluation of the breeding population is crucial for the selection of a superior genotype. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess genetic variation among five Brassica napus L. parents and their diallel hybrids to identify the best-performing parents and crosses. Heterosis and inbreeding depression were also assessed for the qualitative traits. Among the parental genotypes, Ancestor 2702 was identified as the best general combiner for protein (1.41%) and oleic acid content (1.21%). 2702×DUNCLED was the best specific combiner for oil content (0.78%), while 2702×2722 was recognized as best cross for linoleic acid content (1.3%). Similarly, DUNCLED×2702 was the best reciprocal cross for oil content (2.4%) and linoleic acid content (0.4 %), while P1-801×2702 was considered the best cross for protein content (2.2%) and oleic acid (1.7%). All the qualitative traits revealed a broad sense of heritability and non-additive type of gene action, which indicated the later generation selection for further improvement. High oleic acid content, preferred negative mid and best parent heterosis for erucic acid, glucosinolate and moisture contents was reported for 2702×DUNCLED. The favorable cross combination for protein and oil content was 2702×2722, which also yielded the positive mid and best parent heterosis. Inbreeding depression for qualitative traits ranged from -20.8% to 22.9%. It was concluded that among all the genotypes, accession 2702 was the best general, specific and reciprocal combiner, and the best parent heterosis for all traits when crossed with genotypes DUNCLED, P1-119 and 2722. It is also suggested that the screened crosses be carried to further generations to improve the quality related traits of Brassica napus. L.
Enhancing Sugar Beet Plant Health with Zinc Nanoparticles: A Sustainable Solution for Disease Management
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is susceptible to various diseases, especially powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe betae. Using nanotechnology in agriculture could revolutionize the sector by providing new tools for fast disease diagnosis and disease resistance. This study investigated the potential of Zn nanoparticles in inducing resistance to powdery mildew in sugar beet plants through two experiments. The first experiment assessed the susceptibility of sugar beet cultivars to powdery mildew, with Puma being the most resistant and Top being the most susceptible. The second experiment examined the impact of Zn NPs in inducing resistance to powdery mildew. Zinc-oxide nanoparticles (ZN) and zinc sulfate (ZS) at concentrations of 100, 50 and 10 ppm were used as foliar applications. The results showed that most treatments significantly increased levels of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll, total soluble sugars, endogenous H2O2, and activity of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), while reducing the severity of powdery mildew disease, lipid peroxidation (MDA), phenolics concentrations and catalase activity, especially Zn at concentrations of 100 and 50 ppm compared to infected control. The physiological role of Zn NPs in inducing resistance against powdery mildew disease is attributed to the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative reactions of phenolic compounds catalyzed by PPO and/or POD. Our results suggested that ZnO nanoparticles at 100 and 50 ppm can be used as a foliar spray to reduce the harmful impacts of biotic stress caused by E. betae in sugar beet plants by inducing resistance to the pathogen.
Dynamics of Herbicidal Potential: Effects of Two Bacterial Species and Five Aqueous Plant Extracts on Yield and Yield Components of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Surof (Echinochloa crus-galli L.)
This research aimed of investigate the effects of foliar applications using different levels of herbicidal potential from two bacterial species and five aqueous plant extracts on the yield and yield components of Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L. The study followed a split factorial design based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three factors and three replications during the 2017-2018 crop year. The primary treatments consisted of aqueous extracts from Sorghum, Broccoli, Nettle, Eucalyptus and Elderberry, as well as Streptomyces sp-albos containing thaxtomin, Xanthomonas campestris, and control s (without aqueous plant extracts and surfactant). The secondary factor involved foliar application treatments with varying levels of concentration, including zero (control), 5, 10, and 15 per thousand extracts and the third experimental factor included Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L. The findings revealed that as the extract concentration increased, plant height, leaf area index (LAI), grain yield, biological yield, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll contents decreased. Conversely, grain starch content increased with higher extract concentrations, with the most pronounced effects observed at 15 per thousand extract concentration. It was also observed that the use of extracts led to reduced yield characteristics and components in both Oryza sativa L. and Echinochloa crus-galli L. Among the extracts, Elderberry extract exhibited the most significant negative impact. Comparatively, Oryza sativa L. demonstrated higher plant height, LAI, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll content, grain protein content, and grain starch content when compared to Echinochloa crus-galli L. The results suggested that various extracts, particularly Nettle, along with 15 per thousand concentrations of Elderberry and Nettle extracts, hold potential for controlling Echinochloa crus-galli L. during the germination stage under field conditions.
Analysis of Apricot Germplasm through Phenotypic Traits Under the Agro-Climatic Condition
This study was conducted to evaluate different apricot germplasms on the bases of phenotypic traits at the Agricultural Research Institute Mingora, Swat, during the year 2016. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD). We choose various traits of six different varieties of apricot, i.e., Protici, Vitilo, Begali, Shernabi, Swat Selection and Luizet, which are collected from diverse agro-ecological zones were evaluated to ascertain the extent of genetic diversity and assess geographical heterogeneity among these varieties. Data on different quantitative and qualitative traits such as number of fruits kg-1, total soluble solids, fruit color, kernel taste, and stone nature were recorded through physical and biochemical tests. The variety Luizet produced the largest size fruit with an average of 17.33 fruits kg-1. Whereas, the variety Begali produced the smallest size fruits with an average of 54 fruits kg-1. The maximum total soluble solids (18.06 oBrix) were recorded in the variety Begali and Luizet followed by the variety Vitilo (17.36 oBrix). Whereas the least amount of TSS were recorded in the variety Swat selection (13.2 oBrix). The fruits of Shernabi, Swat selection and Luizet had a uniform yellow color. However, fruits of other varieties were greenish to yellowish. Furthermore, free stones were most frequent in the fruits of Protici, Vitilo, Begali, Swat Selection and Shernabi, whereas, Luizet had semi-cling stones. Our results suggest that the variety Luizet is the best in terms of fruit size, TSS, fruit color and kernel taste as compared to the other tested varieties and is recommended for cultivation under the agro-climatic condition of Swat.
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comprehensive analysis of the mechanism underlying plastic microbiome and plants interaction, with future perspectives
Agriculture has a vital role in the life cycle of an economy. Phytopathogenic microorganisms negatively influence many crops, the economy, and the Environment worldwide. Beneficial plant microbiomes have the immense potential to provide cost-effective and maintainable solutions to existing agricultural challenges. The yield improvement can partly be credited to advanced plant pest and disease management, including better knowledge of phytopathogens and diverse control methods. Well-organized and balanced crop protection is of vast economic and ecological importance for food and feed production. A varied variety of goods made of plastics are utilized in farming which consists of poly-tunnels, plastic reservoirs, mulches, ropes, agrochemical cans, various nets, irrigation systems, packaging bags, nursery pots, anti-bird nets, greenhouses, and their components, wear and tear of these products are hosts of diverse microorganisms in agriculture. However, little investigation has been done to explore plastic microbes' diversity, survival strategies, and interaction mechanisms with plants. Several advanced approaches, including metagenomics, metabolomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, and culturomics, are currently available to scrutinize the multiplicity, composition, and functions of the microbiomes in soil and plant habitats such as rhizosphere, phyllosphere, and endosphere. This review highlights the increasing use of plastic, plastic microbiomes, subsequent challenges, and future perspectives in agriculture. It emphasizes using advanced molecular tools and techniques to explore the microbiome diversity and the mechanism of plant-microbe interaction. The analyzed knowledge gaps in the host-pathogen relationship research area will help to redraft better research approaches based on economic thresholds.
Evaluation of Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Health, Maize Productivity and Grain Quality
Managing various organic residues produced from agricultural waste is today's prominent need. The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of integrated, chemical, and organic fertilizers on maize productivity. Initially, vermicompost was prepared using different organic residues viz., paddy straw, neem leaves and dhaincha leaves, each in combination with cow dung in 1:1 ratio. Further, prepared vermicompost along with integrated nutrient and chemical fertilizer treatments, were tested on maize productivity. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design. The average two-year data revealed the increased yield and yield attributes of maize with integrated nutrient management followed by the recommended dose of fertilizers and different vermicompost treatments. The least maize productivity was noted with control treatment. The different vermicompost treatments comparatively improved the organic carbon (0.43 to 0.45%) and micronutrient status of the soil in the second year of application (Fe- 10.85 to 13.32 mg kg-1, Zn- 2.95 to 4.18 mg kg-1, Cu- 0.55 to 0.73 mg kg-1, Mn- 10.37 to 15.24 mg kg-1). The result of vermicompost application can be recorded higher in terms of improvement in yield and soil properties in the later years, as the initial organic carbon and nutrient content of the experimental soil was recorded to be low, and, it takes almost three to four years for the positive response of soil to the applied organic amendments. Therefore, long-term experiments are required to evaluate the effects of vermicompost on soil chemical properties and maize productivity. The investigation revealed that integrated nutrient treatment proved better in terms of improving the yield and nutrient status of the soil.
Response of Various Cultivars of Cucumber to Different Isolates of Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk et Curt.) Rostow Under Artificial Epiphytotic Conditions
This study was conducted in the Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, during the 2011 growing season to assess the response of various cucumber cultivars to different isolates of the downy mildew pathogen Pseudoperonospora cubensis under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Five cucumber cultivars (Desi, Long Green, F1 Hybrid, Dollar, and Khyber) were evaluated for their susceptibility to four distinct isolates of P. cubensis. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) among cultivars, isolates, and their interactions compared with the control treatment. The F1 Hybrid and Dollar F1 cultivars exhibited the lowest disease severity, whereas isolate 4 induced the highest level of infection. In contrast, control plants demonstrated comparatively lower disease severity. The interaction between cultivars and pathogen isolates remained significant at both 30 and 40 days after inoculation, indicating differential host-pathogen responses under controlled conditions..
Response of Soil Proteobacteria to Biochar Amendment in Sustainable Agriculture- A mini review
In recent years, biochar application to soil has become more popularized due to its potential roles on soil fertility, plant growth, and development. In this review, we discussed the impact of biochar on the relative abundance of soil proteobacteria and its relationship with soil physiochemical properties under different rhizospheres. It was observed that biochar applied to different soil improved proteobacteria, and its lowest and highest relative abundance was ranged from 30-80%, respectively. A positive relationship of soil proteobacteria with soil pH, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium and total carbon were observed in several studies. Both the relative abundance of proteobacteria and its relationship with soil properties depend on biochar type, soil type, and fertilizers applied to the soil. Most of the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria including nitrogen-fixing bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, cellulose-decomposing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria belong to proteobacteria, which plays a significant role in nitrogen recycling that is beneficial for the plant growth, yield and fruits/seeds quality. Furthermore, a positive relationship between soil proteobacteria and plant yield was also highlighted. In this context, the use of biochar play a potential role to improve the relative abundance of proteobacteria in sustainable agriculture. We highlighted future research guidelines that might benefit the sustainable agricultural system. Moreover, further studies are needed to explore the potential role of biochar application on Proteobaceria families such as Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, and Epsilonproteobacteria.
Effect of Bio-enhanced Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis Co-culture on Decontamination of Heavy Metals Content in Used Lubricating Oil Contaminated Soil
This study assessed the heavy metal decontamination potential of bio-enhanced Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis co-culture in used lubricating oil-contaminated soil. The bacterial co-culture was isolated from the soil obtained from Dutse mechanic village, Nigeria. One thousand five hundred(1500) g of sterilized soil was intentionally contaminated with used lubricating oil at three levels. The sterilized soil was biostimulated with processed compost, powdered cocoa pod husk (PCPH), and powdered cattle dung (PCD). Afterward, the mixtures were bio-augmented with the bacterial co-culture (150 mL). The concentrations of Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni) and Lead (Pb) in the used lubricating oil contaminated soil were determined at the commencement, fifth and tenth week of the study. A factorial experiment which was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) was adopted. Results generated from the As decontamination potential of Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis co-culture indicated that all the organic amendments significantly (p<0.05) enhanced its decontamination. At the fifth week, PCPH only enhanced the most Cd decontaminations (0.01020 mg kg-1, 0.00220 mg kg-1 and 0.00150 mg kg-1) compared with other organic amendments on 5%, 10% and 15% used lubricating oil contamination levels, respectively. At the tenth week, PCD only enhanced complete removal of Cd on all used lubricating oil contamination levels compared with compost and PCPH only, which attained complete removal of Cd on 5% and 15% of used lubricating oil contamination levels, respectively. The heavy metal decontamination potential of bio-enhanced Streptococcus pyogenes and Enterococcus faecalis co-culture witnessed in this study indicates its suitability in effecting bioremediation of heavy metal impacted environments.
Rosmarinus officinalis Might be Exploited as a Natural Antifouling Agent: A Potentially Promising Strategy for Curbing Membrane Biofouling
Membrane biofouling is the coverage of membrane surfaces due to undesirable development of biofilms causing a decrease and subsequent loss of productivity in water treatment settings. Continuous use of synthetic chemicals against biofouling is inept as it leads to the emergence of multi-antibiotic resistance. Application of natural products such as plants can be apt in curbing biofouling while checking the resistance challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Rosmarinus officinalis in the control of membrane biofouling. Bacteria from biofouling environments were subjected to a biofilm confirmation test and identified at cultural, morphological, biochemical and molecular levels. Leaves of R.officinalis were extracted in solvents of varying polarity and activities. These extracts were evaluated against bacterial biofilm formation via minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC), minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and mesocosm bioassays. Biofilm formation was confirmed in 68% of the isolates identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of R.officinalis indicated the least MICs (0.313mg/L and 1.25mg/L) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Both extracts recorded the highest MBIC (50.00%) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The peak MBEC (57.88%) was obtained from the methanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus and this same extract inhibited 56.23% density of bacterial biofilms on glass slides.The methanol and ethyl acetate crude extracts of R. officinalis appreciably reduced bacterial biofilms; hence, this plant can be exploited as a natural antifouling agent, with reduced toxicity and low risk of resistance.
Copyright (c) 2021 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Productivity and the Qualitative Response of Sorghum to Different Planting Patterns and Various Cultivars
Planting patterns and different cultivars play a significant role in forage crops quality and productivity. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment under different planting patterns and cultivars to evaluate sorghum crop yield, yield components, and quality at Agronomic Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan, in 2015. The experiment consists of three sorghum cultivars (Jawar 2002, Sorghum-2011, and JS-2002) with a seed rate of 75 kg ha-1 at different planting patterns (P1=60 cm × 20 cm, P2=50cm × 24 cm, and P3=340 cm × 30 cm). Results showed that sorghum 2011 resulted in higher growth and qualitative attributes than other cultivars. For example, increase in plant height (237.11 cm), dry weight plant-1 (40.61 g), forage yield (57.66 ton ha-1), crude protein contents (6.12 %), fiber contents (32.12 %) and ash contents (8.73%) was observed in sorghum 2011 as compared to other cultivars. Whereas, among planting pattern P3 (40 x 30 cm ) produced maximum plant height (236.33 cm), leaves plant-1( 13.66), stem diameter (1.09 cm), forage yield (55.52 ton ha-1), dry matter yield (18.53 ton ha-1) and crude protein contents (6.06 %) as compared to P1 and P2. This study suggested that the cultivar sorghum 2011 with a planting pattern of 40 x 30 cm is a promising option to improve yield, yield components and quality of sorghum crop.
Impact of Nitrogen, Zinc and Humic Acid Application on Wheat Growth, Morphological Traits, Yield and Yield Components
To investigate the response of wheat to different levels of nitrogen (N), zinc (Zn) and humic acid (HA), an experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Farm, the University of Agriculture, Peshawar, during 2014-15. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design having three replications. Three levels of N (80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1), Zn (6, 12 and18 kg ha-1) and HA (5, 10 and 15 kg ha-1) were used. Results showed that N application at the rate of 160 kg ha-1 manifested maximum days to physiological maturity (164 days), productive tillers m-2 (248), spikes m-2 (258), leaf area tiller-1 (113.6 cm2), spike length (10.4 cm), grains spike-1 (52), 1000-grain weight (47.5 g), biological yield (9260 kg ha-1), grain yield (3723 kg ha-1) and harvest index (40%). Zn treated plots at the rate of 12 kg ha-1 showed maximum days to physiological maturity (162 days), productive tillers m-2 (241), spikes m-2 (252), grains spike-1 (51), 1000-grain weight (45.2 g), biological yield (8843 kg ha-1), grain yield (3375 kg ha-1) and harvest index (39 %). Similarly, HA treated plots at the rate of 12 kg ha-1 revealed maximum days to physiological maturity (162 days), productive tillers m-2 (238), spikes m-2(249), spike length (9.7 cm), 1000-grain weight (45.00 g), biological yield (8649 kg ha-1), grain yield (3342 kg ha-1) and harvest index (39%). The combined application of N, Zn, and HA had significantly affected wheat yield and yield components. It was concluded that N at the rate of 160 kg ha-1, Zn 12 kg ha-1 and HA 10 kg ha-1 significantly increased yield and yield components of wheat.
Impact of Phosphorous and Zinc Levels on the Productivity of Green Gram (Vigna radiate L.)
Mung bean is one of the important Kharif pulses in Pakistan and is grown mainly for its edible seeds; therefore, fertilizers management is an important factor for improving mungbean growth and yield. A field experiment was conducted during the summer of 2013 at Palato Farm of the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Amir Muhammad Khan Campus Mardan, to determine the effect of phosphorus (P) and Zinc (Zn) on the yield and yield component of mungbean. The experiment consisted of four levels of P (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg ha-1) and four levels of Zn (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg ha-1). Data associated with the number of leaves and plant height illustrated that the higher number of leaves plant-1 (8.8) by an average was observed when P was applied at the rate of 75 kg ha-1 followed by 0 kg phosphorous (P) ha-1 (8.7) and Zn (Zn) application at the rate of 10 kg ha-1produced a maximum number of leaves plant-1 (9) followed by 15 kg ha-1(8.8) where 0 kg ZN ha-1 resulted in (7.7). Similarly, Zn significantly affected plant height, while P and interaction between P and Zn levels were non-significant. The higher plant height (95.1 cm) was observed when P was applied at the rate of 75 kg ha-1, followed by 50 kg P ha-1 (93.6 cm). Higher plant height (95.8cm) was recorded when ZN was applied at the 5 kg ha-1 followed by 10 kg ha-1(95.1cm). Higher numbers of nodules (13.1) were observed with the application of 50 kg P ha-1 followed by 75 kg P ha-1 (12.3), while the lowest (10.6) nodules were observed in the control plot. P application at the rate of 25 kg ha-1 produced a higher grain yield than 75 and 50 kg ha-1 and Zn application at the rate of 5 kg ha-1 produced a higher grain yield than 10 and 15 kg ha-1. Therefore, a lower rate of P 25 kg ha-1 and Zn 5 kg ha-1 is recommended for a higher yield of mungbean in the agro-ecological condition of Mardan.
Unprecedented response of wheat to irrigation levels and various rates of Nano-black carbon
In Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, wheat yield is subjected to availability of water and proper rate of Nano-black carbon in soil. Delay in rain and unsuitable soil health cause severe yield reduction. Therefore this experiment was conducted to compare Irrigation levels in relation to different rate of Nano-black carbon to find out high yielding fact that could enhance wheat productivity and food security. Three different-irrigation-levels (250-mm, 275-mm and 300-mm), were compared in early growth establishment in three repeats with five different rates of Nano-black carbon (5Mg ha-1, 10Mg ha-1, 15Mg ha-1, 20Mg ha-1 and 25Mg ha-1). All the other agronomic practices were kept similar for each replicate. Data was recoded on different growth parameters such as days to emergence, emergence m-2, plant height, spike length, number of spikes m-2, thousand grain weight and grain yield. The study confirmed that almost all Irrigation levels were prominent but significant reduction in different parameters was observed with variation in Nano-black carbon application that could ultimately effect soil health and productivity. From this experiment we concluded that proper rate of Nano-black carbon can significantly enhance the development of roots system which may ultimately increase the shoot growth and final yield. The present study revealed that wheat Irrigation levels (250 mm) can properly save water and increase wheat productivity in combination with Nano-black carbon addition. Different Irrigation levels retorted differently to different Nano-black carbon showing that potential did exist in Nano-black carbon for water storage and improvement of soil health under drought stress condition.
Impact of late sowing on morphological and yield traits in 40s bread wheat
The unpredictability and large fluctuations of climatic conditions in rainfed regions influence spring wheat yield and grain quality. These variations offer opportunities for the production of better quality wheat. The effect of late sowing on wheat morphology and grain yield was studied in 40 bread wheat genotypes at the research farm of PBG, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan during 2013–14. Forty wheat genotypes were tested under normal and late sowing in a 5 × 8 alpha lattice design with three replicates. Combined analysis of variance exhibited significant genotype × environment interactions for days to heading, flag leaf area, days to maturity, plant height, spikes m-2, grains spike-1, 1000-grain weight, biomass yield, grain yield, and harvest index. Days to emergence, heading, and maturity ranged from 9 to 12, 111 to 121, and 155 to 164 days under normal planting, while under late planting they ranged from 25 to 29, 95 to 107, and 137 to 143 days, respectively. Mean data under normal planting ranged between 77 to 125 cm, 25 to 41 cm2, 99 to 199, 10 to 13 cm, 32 to 49, 52 to 88 g, 8533 to 13,667 kg, 1869 to 4681 kg, and 21 to 35% for plant height, flag leaf area, spikes m-2, spike length, grains spike-1, 1000-grain weight, biomass yield, grain yield, and harvest index, respectively. Under late planting, the ranges were 63 to 91 cm, 18 to 37 cm², 57 to 137, 8 to 12 cm, 22 to 52, 36 to 75 g, 2400 to 7933 kg, 540 to 2739 kg, and 20 to 42% for the same traits, respectively. Wheat genotypes planted under late conditions took the maximum number of days to emerge, while fewer days were required for wheat genotypes planted under normal sowing dates to mature. Late planting negatively affected all yield-contributing traits, such as spikes m-2 (29%), grains spike-1 (18%), 1000-grain weight (29%), biomass (55%), and grain yield (50%). On the basis of the current study, genotype SRN 19111 was identified as superior for 1000-grain weight, biomass yield, and grain yield under normal planting, while genotype PR-107 exhibited higher grain yield under late planting. Therefore, these genotypes are recommended for further extensive testing.