Heavy Metals Cause Toxicity, Histopathological Abnormalities and Oxidative Stress in Major Carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala)

Abstract

An aquatic ecosystem is significantly contaminated by the unrestricted release of heavy metals from agricultural and industrial waste. Enhancement of industries correlates with improper dumping of waste products, influencing water pollution via releasing elevated concentrations of heavy metals, including nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe). Metals are the primary motive for causing a variety of anomalies in aquatic animals, including fish. Commercially, humans use freshwater fish as food in various regions of Asia. The excessive release of these metals causes toxicity in fish, which is unsafe for human consumption. Heavy metals cause histological alteration and abnormalities in various fish species, including Indian significant carps (Thala, rohu, mori). Additionally, their toxicity causes oxidative stress in aquatic species. Various techniques have recently been applied to reduce toxic contaminants in marine environments. However, the bioremediation process plays a major role in lowering the toxicants through microorganisms, especially various species of bacteria. The objective of the recent study was to specify the specific organs (liver, gills, kidney, brain, muscle, and heart) of fish that are examined for histopathological impacts.