Effect of Agar Industry Waste-Based Liquid Fertilizer on Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Red Lettuce
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56946/jspae.v4i1.649Keywords:
Agar processing waste, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, red lettuce, seaweedAbstract
The processing of Gracilaria sp. seaweed in the agar industry generates solid waste, which can contribute to environmental pollution. However, this waste contains valuable nutrients such as organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, which can be used to produce organic fertilizers for plant growth optimization. This study aims to determine characteristics and optimal proportion of agar industry waste for formulating liquid organic fertilizer. A quantitative experiment was conducted with four treatments, using 0%, 8%, 16%, and 24% agar waste, mixed with 8% eggshell powder, 5% molasses, water, and 4% Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) as a bioactivator. Fermentation was carried out using an anaerobic method for 14 days. The effect of the fertilizer on red lettuce growth was evaluated. The results from ANOVA and Tukey analysis showed that different proportions of agar waste resulted in varying outcomes. The highest proportion produced the best fertilizer, with 0.51% organic carbon, 0.22% nitrogen, 0.11% phosphorus, 0.19% potassium, and a pH of 6.81. The fertilizer also resulted in a 48% yield, it appeared dark brown with a slightly pungent fermentation odor. The fertilizer application produced the best growth rate, with red lettuce plants reaching a height of 14.03 cm, 9.67 leaves, a leaf width of 8.80 cm, a stem diameter of 6.90 mm, root length of 12.23 cm, and a wet weight of 14.67 grams. This study highlights the potential of using agar industry waste as a liquid organic fertilizer, supporting sustainable agriculture by promoting ecofriendly waste management and reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers.
References
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Official Methods of Analysis, 21st Edition, Volume 1. AOAC, Maryland, USA, (2019). Methods: 892.01 (Ch. 2p.12.2.4.01), 920.01 (Ch. 2p.12.2.4.01), 958.01 (Ch. 2p.6.2.3.02), and 983.02 (Ch. 2p.23.2.5.04).
Association of Official Analytical Chemist. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis (18 Edn), Association of Official Analytical Chemist Inc. Mayland, USA.
Basyuni, M., Puspita, M., Rahmania, R., Albasri, H., Pratama, I., Purbani, D., & Kajita, T. (2024). Current biodiversity status, distribution, and prospects of seaweed in Indonesia: A systematic review. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31073.
Basmal, J., I. Munifah, M. Rimmer, N. Paul. Identification and Characterization of Solid Waste from Gracilaria sp. Extraction. Earth & Environmental Science. (2020). 404(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/404/1/012057
BSN. 2004. SNI 19-7030-2004 Spesifikasi Kompos dan Sampah Organik Domestik. Badan Standardisasi Nasional. Jakarta.
Chen, X., H. Ren, J. Zhang, B. Zhao, B. Ren, Y. Wan, P. Liu. Deep Phosphorus Fertilizer Placement Increases Maize Productivity by Improving Root-Shoot Coordination and Photosynthetic Performance. Soil & Tillage Research. (2024). 235, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2023.105915
Chowdhury, M. S. N., M. N. H. Sani, A. B. Siddique, M. S. Hossain, J. W. H. Yon. Synergistic Effects of Biochar and Potassium Co-Application on Growth, Physiological Attributes, and Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms of Wheat Under Water Deficit Conditions. Plant Stress. (2014). 12, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stress.2024.100452
Dar, R. A., T. Tsui, L. Zhang, Y. W. Tong, S. Sharon, O. Shoseyoy, R. Liu. Fermentation of Organic Wastes Through Oleaginous Microorganisms for Lipid Production-Challenges and Opportunities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. (2024). 195, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.114328
Deng, H., Y. Li, U. Ashraf, R. Gui, Z. Wang, H. Nawaz, X. Tang, M. Duan, Z. Mo. 2023. The Application of Liquid Fertilizer with Reduced Nitrogen Rate Improves the Lodging Resistance in Fragrant Rice. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. (2023). 23 (2023), 6071-6087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-023-01465-3
Gao, X., J. Zhang, G. Liu, Y. Kong, Y. Li, G. Li, Y. Luo, G. Wang, J. Yuan. Enhancing the Transformation of Carbon and Nitrogen Organics to Humus in Composting: Biotic and Abiotic Synergy Mediated by Mineral Material. Bioresource Technology. (2024). 393, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130126
Gul, N., I. H. Wani, R. A. Mir, J. A. Nowshehri, S. Aslam, R. Gupta, S. Verma, S. Aslam. Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms Mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants: A Critical Appraisal. Plant Growth Regulation. (2023). 100, 7-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00951-5
Henggu, K. U., R. F. C. N. Djawa, S. R. Lingga, R. U. Lapu, F. R. Ndihi, E. N. Bureni and Y. Nurdiasyah. Pemanfaatan Rumput Laut Merah (Laurencia papillosa) sebagai Pupuk Cair Melalui Perbedaan Metode Fermentasi. Buletin Jalanidhitah Sarva Jivitam. (2022). 4(2), 153-159. https://doi.org/10.15578/bjsj.v4i2.11511
Huang, X., X. Ye, Y. Hu, Z. Tang, T. Zhang, H. Zhou, T. Zhou, X. Bai, E. Pi, B. Xie, L. Shi. Exopolysaccharides of Paenibacillus polymyxa: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. (2024). 26, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129663
Jakhar, A. M., I. Aziz, A. R. Kaleri, M. Hasnain, G. Haider, J. Ma, Z. Abideen. Nano-fertilizers: A Sustainable Technology for Improving Crop Nutrition and Food Security. NanoImpact. (2022). 27, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2022.100411
Jantti, H., T. Jilbert, S. L. Aalto, A. Simojoki, R. Mangayil, S. Peura, A. J. Rissanen. The Role of Organic Matter and Microbial Community Controlling Nitrate Reduction Under Elevated Ferrous Iron Concentrations in Boreal Lake Sediments. Hydrobiologia. (2022). 849, 2145-2160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-022-04858-0
Jing, T., J. Li, Y. He, A. Shankar, A. Saxena, A. Tiwari, K. C. Maturi, M. K. Solanki, V. Singh. A. Elissa, Z. Ding, J. Xie, M. K. Awasthi. Role of Calcium Nutrition in Plant Physiology: Advances in Research and Insights into Acidic Soil Conditions- A Comprehensive Review. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. (2024). 210, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108602
Kang, B. G., W. T. Kim, H. S. Yun, S. C. Chang. Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to control stress responses of plant roots. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. (2010). 4 (2010), 179-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-010-0136-1
Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan. (2022). Siaran Pers KKP No: SP.682/SJ.5/XI/2022, KKP. Jakarta.
Kementerian Pertanian. (2019). Keputusan Menteri Pertanian No. 261/KPTS/SR.310/M/4/2019 Tentang Persyaratan Teknis Minimal Pupuk Organik, Pupuk Hayati dan Pembenahan Tanah, Kementerian Pertanian. Jakarta.
Kuang, Y., J. Zhao, Y. Gao, C. Lu, S. Luo, Y. Sun, D. Zhang. Enhanced Hydrogen Production from Food Waste Dark Fermentation by Potassium Ferrate Pretreatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. (2020). 27, 18145-18156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08207-3
Liu, D., M. Li, R. Yu, H. Li, Y. Shen, Q. Tian, H. Bu, C. Huang, W. Tan. Interlayer Organic Matter Within Hydroxy-Interlayered Clay Minerals Enhances Soil Organic Carbon Stability Under Long-Term Organic Fertilization. Applied Clay Science. (2023). 239, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106963
Liu, H., Z. Wu, W. Zhang, L. Wang, Z. Li, H. Liu. Synergistic Effect between Green Light and Nitrogen Concentration on Nitrate Primary Metabolism in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Scientia Horticulturae. (2024). 328, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2024.112848
Minoli, S., J. Jagermeyr, S. Asseng, A. Urfels, C. Muller. Global Crop Yields Can be Lifted by Timely Adaptation of Growing Periods to Climate Change. Nature Communication. (2022). 13 (7079), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34411-5
Mohammed, M., I. Ozbay, A. Karademir, M. Isleyen. Pre-treatment and Utilization of Food Waste as Energy Source by Bio-Drying Process. Energy Procedia. (2017). 128, 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.021
Muryanto, M., E. Chasanah, Y. Sudiyani, U. Uju, T. B. Bardant, E. Triwahyuni, R. Maryana, Y. Irawan, I. Munifah, Sugiyono, R. N. Sari, P. Martosuyono, A. K. Das. Characterization of Solid Waste Biomass of Agar Processing Plants and Scale‑Up Production of Bioethanol. Biomass Conversion and Biorefnery. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04464-7
Nurfitria, N., K. Febriyantiningrum and A. Rahmawati. Analisa Kualitas Pupuk Organik Cair Berbahan Baku Limbah Sayuran Pasar Baru Kabupaten Tuban. Jurnal Agrifarm. (2020). 9(1), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.24903/ajip.v9i1.922
Panpatte, D. G., Y. K. Jhala, H. N. Shelat, R. V. Vyas. Pseudomonas fluorescens: A Promising Biocontrol Agent and PGPR for Sustainable Agriculture. Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity: Research perspectives. (2016). 1, 257-270. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2647-5_15
Phibunwatthanawong, T. and N. Riddech. Liquid Organic Fertilizer Production for Growing Vegetables Under Hydroponic Condition. Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture. (2019). 8, 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-019-0257-7
Prabewi, N., P. Hartati and M. N. Fauzi. Perbedaan Waktu Fermentasi Menggunakan Fermentator PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobakteri) Akar Bambu untuk Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair (POC) Urine Sapi Kandungan Nutrisi Tinggi. Jurnal Penelitian Peternakan Terpadu. (2022). 4(6): 17-25.
Rahman, A., S. Lee, H. C. Ji., A. H. Kabir, C. S. Jones, K. Lee. Importance of Mineral Nutrition for Mitigating Aluminum Toxicity in Plants on Acidic Soils: Current Status and Opportunities. International Journal of Molecular Science. (2018). 19(10), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103073
Ramamoorthy, K., R. Dhanraj, N. Vijayakumar, Y. Ma, S. A. Obaid, M. Narayanan. Vegetable and Fruit Wastes: Valuable Source for Organic Fertilizer for Effective Growth of Short-Term Crops: Solanum lycopersicum and Capsicum annum. Environmental Research. (2024). 251(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118727
Rigi, F., M. Saberi, M. Ebrahimi. Improved Drought Tolerance in Festuca ovina L. Using Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria. J. Arid Land. (2023). 15(6), 740-755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-023-0015-6
Sattar, A., M. Naveeda, M. Alia, Z. A. Zahira, S. M. Nadeem, M. Yaseen, V. S. Meena, M. Farooq, R. Singh, M. Rahman, H. N. Meena. Perspectives of Potassium Solubilizing Microbes in Sustainable Food Production System: A review. Applied Soil Ecology. (2019). 133, 146-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.09.012
Spohn, M. Preferential Adsorption of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Containing Organic Compounds to Minerals in Soils: A review. Soil Biology & Biochemistry. (2024). 109428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2024.109428
Swetha, T. A., V. Ananthi, A. Bora, N. Sengottuvelan, K. Ponnuchamy, G. Muthusamy, A. Arun. A Review on Biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA) Production from Fermentative Food Waste-Its Applications and Degradation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. (2023). 234, 123703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123703
Tahir, M. M., L. Tong, L. Xie, T. Wua, M. I. Ghani, X. Zhang, S. Li, X. Gao, L. Tariq, D. Zhang, Y. Shao. Identification of the HAK Gene Family Reveals Their Critical Response to Potassium Regulation During Adventitious Root Formation in Apple Rootstock. Horticultural Plant Journal. (2023). 9 (1), 45-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2022.11.001.
Tombarkiewicz, B., J. Antonkiewicz, M. W. Lis, K. Pawlak, M. Trela, R. Witkowicz, O. Gorczyca. Chemical Properties of The Cofee Grounds and Poultry Eggshells Mixture In Terms of Soil Improver. Scientifc Reports. (2022). 12 (2592), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06569-x
Tsaniya, A. R., E. N. Dewi and A. D. Anggo. Characteristics of Liquid Organic Fertilizer from Different Composition Types of Seaweed Between Gracilaria sp. and Sargassum sp. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series. (2021). 1943(1), 1-9.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1943/1/012071
Wafiqah, A., E. Retnaningtyas, D. S. C. Wahyuni, A. Andini, Y. Anjarsari, R. A. N. Khotimah, U. Abdulaziz, A. S. Ansari, N. T. Rochman. Waste as Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) and Its Quality Analysis. Materials Today: Proceedings. (2024). xxx, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2024.03.057
Wan, W., S. Sun, J. Yang, Z. Liu, K. He, C. Song, S. Yang, J. Wang, Y. Gao, W. Zhang, L. Zhou, Y. Li. Operational Characteristics in Varied Gradients of Low Carbon-To-Nitrogen Ratios Utilizing a Novel Integrated Bacteria-Algae Synergistic Biofilm Reactor for Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Water Process Engineering. (2024). 60. 105188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.105188
Wang, L., H. Yin, X. Shao, Z. Zhang, X. Zhong, R. Wei, Y. Ding, H. Wang, H. Li. Improving the Aging Aroma Profiles of Italian Riesling and Petit Verdot Wines: Impact of Spontaneous and Inoculated Fermentation Processes. Food Chemistry. (2023). 20, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100978
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
